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Mid Production Questar Standard 3-½ Telescopes: SN 1043 from 1961In this article we show Questar 3-½ Standard, Serial No. 1043. A telescope on display at our telescope museum collection.
Right: a mid production model Questar of 1960 in Pole aligned mode at left, and cased at right (90,489 bytes). From the 1960 edition of the Questar booklet that is available for download at our Questar Notes & Interesting Articles on line archives. In this article we will look at one example of the Questar 3-½ telescopes made in the arrangement that we at Company Seven refer to as 'mid production'. These are telescope made from 1957 into the late 1960's incorporating refinements that differentiate these from the first or 'early production' telescopes. This will include changes of:
DO THE OLDER TELESCOPES HAVE PHOSPHOR BRONZE BUSHING? As explained in our article How to Choose Your Questar 3-½:
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Over the first year and a half of production Questar production grew to average five or six units sold per month. Between 1956 and mid 1961 sales increased to average almost eighteen units per month. The number of new instruments delivered between commencing production in the first five years was doubled over the following two years. The increase of sales parallels the growing increase in space prompted by the early manned space flight missions, an increase in science education and awareness of Eclipse events, and the growing recognition that the Questar was a unique and valuable instrument.
Since its introduction Questar has been immortalized in film and in books by respected people including Johnny Carson a national television icon, and renaissance man Arthur C. Clarke who wrote "the finest small telescope ever built--the 3-½ inch Questar, a jewel of precision optics which has produced close-ups of the moon that could easily be mistaken for Mount Wilson photographs". Among three Standard Questar telescopes made for the US Army Redstone Arsenal in May 1959 was one that was used by Dr. Wernher Von Braun, this telescope remains in service with the Kennedy Space Center amateur astronomy club. These telescopes that inspired so many who in turn inspired us look just like the Questars described in this article.
The Questar is considered such a high accomplishment that a special 1965 Questar Standard 3-½ now resides in the collection of the Smithsonian Museum of Technology in Washington, D.C.; it is a unique cut-away instrument that reveals the various innovations unique to the Questar. These basic principles of the telescope remain unchanged, even after nearly sixty years in production.
A Mid Production Questar: a part of our mission is to promote science education through astronomy. In support of that mission Company Seven maintains a museum display of antique or otherwise interesting telescopes, associated equipment, and documents that will help to understand and appreciate the evolution of the hobby and its technologies. Among those items on display is the following Questar Standard telescope:
These telescopes incorporate a Primary Mirror made of Corning Pyrex®. The Primary and Secondary Mirrors were coated with reflective aluminum, then overcoated with Silicon Monoxide (AlSiO) a hard protective coating to prevent oxidation of the aluminum. The thick meniscus Corrector Lens of these telescopes is made of borosilicate crown glass. This lens and the optical elements housed in the Control Box are antireflection coated with Magnesium Fluoride (MgFl) to increase transmission by up to ninety eight percent per surface. By 1963 Questar customer would be offered the choice of the standard Pyrex® Primary Mirror or at extra cost the more thermally stable Quartz Primary Mirror substrate.
In 1967 Questar began to offer the optional Broadband Coatings group. The optional Broadband coatings consist of an enhanced protected silver film on the primary mirror, and a highly efficient antireflection coating applied to both sides of the corrector lens. This option improves throughput of the entire system by about twenty percent, a notable assist when observing the more subtle features on the planets, and for observing deep-sky objects within the reach of these telescopes. Over the first decade or so these were applied for Questar by the famous Perkin-Elmer Corporation, of Danbury, Connecticut. While the protective overcoating inhibits oxidation of the silvered mirrors, these first generations of Broadband could show signs of tarnishing in as little as ten years or so. The technology was improved so that by the late 1980's and into the 1990's the durability of the Broadband became almost a non-issue. It is a simple but costly matter to recoat the optics set should these coatings fail, but most who ordered this option have felt it worthwhile.
Beginning in 1968 through 1978 Owens-Illinois Corning Cervit, a a glass-ceramic material, was offered as the more thermally stable mirror upgrade option for the Questar. Raw stocks of Cervit tended to be flawed by the inclusion of crystals and small bubbles (0.1-0.2mm diameter) formed during the manufacturing process. These inclusions might not be found when making the mirror until the grinding process was well under way, hence there was a notable rejection rate of mirror stock at the company making these optics sets for Questar. In 1968 the Zeiss subsidiary Schott AG had developed Zerodur, a more consistent ceramic substrate. By 1978 the manufacture of Cervit was discontinued by Corning and so Questar switched over from offering Cervit as their optional substrate to Zerodur. Most clients ordering the Cervit option tended to also have their telescope optics manufactured with the higher throughput Broadband Coatings option too, but this was not necessarily a paired group mandated by the factory.
The Fork Mount and Base assembly supports the telescope rigidly, and allows the user to point the telescope up or down in altitude or in astronomical terms 'Declination' motion. The motion is smooth and is controlled by a manual friction drive control knob on the side of the fork. The fork mount base also permits the assembly to be rotated left or right by means of the manual friction drive control knob on the top of the fork base.
As the Earth rotates these objects appear to move across the sky in an arcing direction referred to as Right Ascension. This base houses an AC current powered synchronous motor and drive gear set. The motorized drive provides when the telescope mount is Pole Aligned parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation, the mount will drive the telescope to track celestial objects at a Sidereal rate; this is moving one full rotation in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds. The drive base is furnished with a 120 Volt A.C. (or 220 volt optional) motor with a power cord that plugs into a socket at the bottom cover of the Base. The 2.7 watt motor (2 watt on early production models) is made by either Cramer or Synchron, ½ RPH with a sealed and lubricated gear train. Since the AC motors rotation is not reversible Questar provided a motor with the correct voltage and rotation to be used at the customers location either in the North or the Southern Hemisphere, the motor could be changed for those traveling to another hemisphere.
The tripod is an arrangement of two fixed length side legs that slide into the holes along the side of the Base casting, and one adjustable length center leg which threads onto the center of the Fork Mount Base. In order to align the axis of rotation of the mount with that of the Earth one tilts the fork mount atop a tripod so that the center leg parallels the Earth's axis of rotation and the imaginary line running through the center of the leg and up through the fork mount points to the Celestial Pole. To Pole align the mount the mount is moved left or right to point the fork towards the Pole, while the length of the Center leg is adjustable from between 10-5/8 to 18-11/16 inches to permit the user to adjust the tilt of the Fork Mount and Base. Each leg has a protective non-marring and non-slip black rubber tip so that it will not mar a tabletop. For the Questar astronomical telescopes made through the late 1960's both fixed length legs slip into the Base casting, while the center leg slides into a socket in the base. The two tripod leg ports on the side of the Base casting are provided with gasketed removable plugs.
When properly Pole aligned and tracking then the mount's tracking motion counters the apparent motion as Earth rotates about its axis so that these objects appear motionless and suspended in space at the eyepiece. The Questar can keep the objects in the field of view of an eyepiece or camera thereby removing the distraction and difficulty of manually trying to follow objects precisely across the sky. The tracking feature also facilitates sharing the telescope with young or inexperienced observers. The manual and mechanical mechanisms are friction drives so there is no periodic error (as there will be with worm gear drives) and this facilitates employing the telescope for astrophotography.
With the provided functional Moon Map and Star Chart on the telescope barrel and Dew Shield, and by using the Declination and Right Ascension setting circles the user of the Questar can learn much about celestial navigation, and how to find the otherwise unobservable objects that might otherwise go unnoticed. These early charts incorporated features to make the more readable in low light including embossing and texturing so that the major features into the metal covering. This manufacturing technique would be discontinued by the late 1960's when the charts became silk screened. The original style embossed charts would be brought back as a feature of the deluxe 50th Anniversary Model telescopes released in September 2000.
The Declination Setting Circle is made of machined steel stock, with the degree numbers and hash mark increments engraved and painted black. The Declination Setting Circle is provided on the left side of the fork mount, the circle on the right side is a component of the elevation friction drive.
The distinctive flared cylindrical base is cast from corrosion resistant aircraft grade virgin aluminum 356-T6 heat treated alloy then is hand turned, then machined. As 356 alloy will not color anodize this is hand polished to a pewter sheen, over time the natural metal finish can be renewed simply by polishing. The 5/8 inch (15.75 mm) diameter tripod legs are made of lightweight Aluminum 61 S-T3, each is centerless-ground to 0.0001" then anodized.
The tripod hole plugs in the Base of Questar telescopes made from 1954 to the late 1960's served two functions, one as hole plugs and the other as attachment screws for hanging the telescope onto a suitable panel such as a half open car window. This is a most precarious looking arrangement, but one that worked for some people for terrestrial observing. The rotating capability of the barrel allows the eyepiece to be rotated to away from the car to facilitate access. This is pictured on page 7 of the 1960 edition Questar booklet available for download at our Questar Notes & Interesting Articles on line archives.
Right: left rear view of 1961 Questar Standard 3-½ in Company Seven's Museum Collection (72,030 bytes).
The controls and components are:
The Finder in the telescope consists of a 3/32 inch thick elliptical pick off mirror attached onto a 45 degree inclined support brace, this assembly is attached to the bottom of the Control Box. Light comes from the distance into the mirror then is deflected up and through the Finder Objective Lens located at the bottom of the Control Box. The light is focused by this lens into the area of the eyepiece Field Stop. The early Questar telescope eyepieces are a two piece threaded assembly so that the lower section threads onto the eyepiece holder, while the eyepiece upper section (housing the optics) can be rotated up or down to reach focus at the finder setting.
2. An Amici image erecting prism was built into the Control Box of these early Questar telescopes made from May 1954 to May 1959. To improve resolution a change starting in June 1959 the Amici was replaced in production by a Star Diagonal prism. When the Finder/Telescope selection dial is rotated counterclockwise so that the lever points up, then the prism slides into place at the center inside the Control Box so that when light comes out of the telescope's main optical tube into the Control Box the prism diverts the image so that it will appear at the eyepiece. The Star Diagonal prism corrects the image orientation so that it will appear right side up but reversed left to right.
3. A magnifying (Barlow) lens that can be dialed in or out by the topmost knob on the Control Box. Rotate the control dial counterclockwise to move the Barlow lens off line, or clockwise to engage the Barlow when observing through the main telescope. Note, the Barlow is incompatible with the Finder operation - eyepieces will not focus if the Barlow is in line while attempting to look through the Finder.
4. The focus control of the telescope is by means of an internal arrangement where the Primary Mirror moves forward and back within the telescope thus there is no change of physical length when focusing. Focus us controlled by the knob below and to the right of the Axial Port. Turning the focus dial clockwise moves toward infinity and beyond, while dialing counterclockwise moves to focus onto objects closer and closer to the telescope. The focus knob on the Control Box of these Questars transitioned in 1959 from the original longer form to a shorter button style that remains in production to this day.
5. Thread on eyepiece adapter tube at the top of the Control Box. The two eyepieces provided with telescopes made from 1954 through 1972 feature a threaded rotating top barrel, this can be turned clockwise or counterclockwise to focus the eyepiece when looking through the telescope Finder. These older eyepieces also differ from modern Questar Brandon eyepieces, introduced in 1972, in that their attachment thread is narrower and not interchangeable with the eyepiece holder of modern eyepieces.
6. Axial Port at center of the Control Box, this accepts optional hardware including Camera Adapter. With the telescope set to Finder mode the light will pass from the main telescope tube to the Axial Port, and with the cap removed the light will continue out to an optional camera or other device. On Questars made from 1954 to 1972 this port is 0.95 inch diameter, some transition models and all later production telescopes will have 1.2 inch diameter ports for better performance when imaging and with some other optional accessories. We do offer adapters to permit the use of newer accessories onto the early Questar telescopes, although there may be vignetting of some modern accessories.
The Control Box casting of the Questars is made of an aluminum-silicon alloy, this inherently provides good corrosion resistance. And the expansion coefficients even at subzero temperatures are some ten to twenty percent lower than those of pure aluminum. The focus knob, dials and Axial Port cover are machined from aluminum 24S-T4 heat treated corrosion resistant alloy, the dials feature stainless steel levers. These parts too are hand-turned on turret lathe.
Above: early (1955) and mid (1961) production Questar telescopes displayed at Company Seven (171,261 bytes).
Mid Production Models: the design focal length of the early production Questar optical system was nominally 1,070 mm (42.1") f/12. By 1958 the mid production telescopes were 1,077 mm (42.4") f/12.1. By 1960 the telescopes would be 1,156 mm (45.5") f/13, then by the late 1960's the design would be settled into the later production 1,280 mm (50.4") f/14.4 design that remains in production on current models.
The telescopes made between 1954 and early 1956 are easy to distinguish from the 1956 to mid 1960's production telescopes because of the red, silver and blue "Questar" declination axis cover plates. These are affixed to either side of the Fork Mount arms with contact cement. The plates read "4.2" APOCHROMAT F:12", Questar, NEW HOPE PA•U•S•A•" (yes there was a time when tangible items were made in the USA). These early discs are glued onto the top ridge of the cast circle on the Fork Tine thus it is more likely to snag or be knocked off than the later example where the disc is glued in but recessed below the ridge level of the casting, so the mid and later production telescopes are less likely not to have lost their Fork bearing cover disc accidentally.
Looking for the three color patter or for the 'star' on the Fork Arms Declination axis bearing covers of an older Questar is not always a reliable way to judge the age of the telescope since during the course of routine use and transport or during servicing visits these original disc could be pried off and replaced by later versions. Close inspection of the cover in the image above center shows signs that someone pried this cover thereby marring the edge, this likely happened during servicing. Over the recent years we have become more careful to preserve the historic integrity of older Questars by employing time consuming methods to remove the covers but without damaging them so that the originals can be attached into place after the servicing.
left: Questar telescopes barrels are made from forged aluminum shells on the engine lathe. Here experienced craftsman Ernie Arndt is working on a barrel in the mechanical assembly area. Image from a Questar magazine ad of 1962 (66,856 bytes).
Late in the 1960's another innovation came about, this was the attachment of a Solar Filter for the Finder. This Solar Filter mechanism is hinged so that the user could swing the filter element over or away from the Finder lens (between the mirror and the lens). By having this in place one completely eliminated the risk of accidentally switching from viewing through the main telescope with its Solar Filter attached to the Finder mode that up the then had no solar filter protection. To this day no other manufacturer has been so thoughtful to provide such a convenience built-in to their telescope. This accessory is sold as a retrofittable option for these older Questar telescopes, so again the presence of this accessory does not it itself reflect the age of the telescope.
The hand knobs attached onto either side of the Fork Mount control the elevation lock and elevation motion fine control. The knobs of Questar mid and current production telescopes are machined from solid stock, attached by a bolt threaded from the inner side of the fork.
The Control Box casting of the Questars made since early 1956 are hand sanded, primed, then painted silver. You can see the differences between the early production unfinished castings and those of mid and later production telescopes in the image above of the 1955 telescope alongside a 1961 Questar.
In time Questar discovered the threads tapped into the Synthane backplate wear out from the friction of the honed stainless steel threaded shaft. The wear progresses so that 'mirror shift' while focusing becomes more and more pronounced, the smoothness of focusing degrades, and eventually the threads wear out altogether so the user can not focus until the back plate is replaced. So Questar gradually moved away from using Synthane and instead relied on machined aluminum for these components. Over the years of the mid production telescopes the front cell, the rear wall and Base covers were changed over to aluminum.
The accessories provided as standard with this mid production telescope for $995 included:
1. 40-80X Eyepiece
For models made from 1957 to the present day have information the telescope Serial Number engraved onto the cover at the bottom of the Base. This engraving is usually located between the center opening for the tripod leg and the AC wall plug socket.
Into 1956 the early Questars were shipped in a protective Leather Carrying Case (described below) but with no Lens Cover since it was assumed the case could provide satisfactory protection of the Corrector lens. Questar changed the design of the optical tube front cell on mid to current production telescopes so that the 95 mm diameter radius is threaded to accept a new lens cover or the provided revised Solar Filter. Questar simultaneously devised a thread on Lens Cover to protect the Corrector Lens of the telescope. The lens cover was made with the black disc made of the lightweight Synthane material with a lightweight aluminum alloy edge trim glued onto the Synthane. The center is covered with a Questar logo disc glued into place.
The fork tines of early to mid production Questar telescopes feature gloss reflective polished edges with the recessed areas on the face of the fork tines painted silver. By the mid 1980's the quality of the castings being provided caused the company to change from polished edges to a fine vertical milling that leaves a satin appearance.
As mentioned above, the early production Questars like this one also have an etched and filled Moon Map, Star Chart, and Right Ascension Setting Circle instead of the silk screened versions produced for later production units.
Eyepieces and Magnifications: the production telescopes made through 1958 incorporated a primary Makstov-Cassegrain optics set providing 1,077mm focal length and labeled as such on the bottom of the Moon Map. After then the design changed to what is labeled as 45.5" f/13 (1,245mm), and by 1962 to 50.5" f14.4 (1,280mm). The early and mid production telescopes were engineered to accept either of two provided eyepieces made by an optical company in Japan, with most bearing the manufacturers code mark "B.O.L. JAPAN". Each eyepiece consists of a knurled barrel that threads onto the telescope eyepiece holder, and the upper assembly housing the optical elements and the eyepiece Field Stop. To focus the eyepiece with the Finder of the Questar simply rotate the eyepiece upper assembly clockwise or counterclockwise thus bringing the eyepiece Field Stop closer to or farther from the Finder's objective lens. These eyepieces were provided with new Questar telescopes from 1954 through mid 1973:
1. Questar 40-80X: 26mm König lens design with a 50 degree apparent field of view (18.03 mm Dia. Field Stop), and
2. Questar 80-160X: 12mm Erfle a five element wide angle lens claiming a 75 degree apparent field of view (16.55 mm Dia. Field Stop).
The Barlow lens built into the Control Box of these telescope was represented as providing an amplification factor of about 2X. Our acceptance testing at Company Seven over some decades during the course of delivering new Questars, and while servicing Questars indicates the magnifications provided from production lot to lot may vary.
The original optical design for the early Questar telescopes did not envision them operating them at magnifications much higher than 200x. The optical design of these telescopes has the Secondary Mirror deposited onto the front surface of the Corrector Lens so that this original arrangement combined with some other factors produced a system that is not as able to provide images as clear at higher magnifications or as bright as modern Questars. And yet under a critical star test a well adjusted early Questar can show a nice diffraction pattern since the optics shop making the optics then (as now) hand matched each set of optics to assure proper figuring. The design of the Questar optics would be changed and improved several times over the 1954-1973 era, with overall specifications made more stringent and with improvements of materials and optional higher throughput coatings offered. These changes along with new choices of eyepieces would provide the later production telescopes with truly amazing high magnification performance.
The case is designed to hold the Questar telescope with all its standard accessories. The accessories provided with the telescope are stored in leather pouches sewn onto the interior of the door lid. This arrangement is illustrated by the image at the bottom right of this article.
Right: Original Questar Leather Case in Company Seven's Museum Collection (74,161 bytes).
The case is laid out well and is compact, light weight (especially compared to modern Questar cases), and is beautiful. There are some aspects that are unusual:
The door lid is secured by two nickle plated steel spring loaded keyed laches, these are made by Cheney in England. But do keep in mind these locks only serve to keep the honest person honest.
Right: typical carrying case interior arrangement with standard accessories: Solar Filter, Aperture Stop, the shorter Eyepiece is installed, the longer Syepiece stores in case lid pouch, AC Power Cord (wrapped as provided), Tabletop Tripod Leg set. The keys and a spline wrench are in the pouch (84,199 bytes). Telescope is shown at Company Seven's Museum Collection.
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